There exist no arguments guaranteed to work with every game.
All arguments, with the exception of a fun thing we'll touch on later, must be voluntarly and explicitly be added by someone responsible for something in the game, be it the developer, the game engine's developer, perhaps the publisher if they're the one controlling the launcher.
The way this works is that on launch, Steam starts the execution of the game's main executable, and passes to it the arguments you've written. that's it. it's then up to the game to even care about any arguments that have been passed to it.
If you'll allow me to soapbox really quick: for these exact reasons, -SteamDeck has never and will never do anything, for any game, ever. No game, launcher, anticheat or anything else has ever cared about this and it does nothing. Anyone who is telling you otherwise without definitive proof is lying to you.
ahem.
Exception: anything before %command%
%command% is a special keyword for steam arguments. It tells steam that instead of placing the game's executable at the beggining (what decides what will be executed), it should place it where you placed it in your argument list.
Linux gamers use this functionality sometimes, for example the following argument list:
gamemoderun -arg1 %command% -arg2
will pass -arg1 [the path to the game's executable] -arg2, to the executable called gamemoderun (a popular shim on the steam deck, that can do things like force fullscreen), which is itself responsible for executing the game's executable and passing it -arg2, but will keep -arg1 for itself.
You can see how in this case, -arg1 is actually an argument for gamemoderun, and that no matter the game, gamemoderun will accept it.